Art museums or art galleries are buildings or spaces for art exhibitions, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes the museum is ownership of the collection. Painting is the art object most often displayed; however, sculptures, decorative arts, furniture, textiles, costumes, drawings, pastels, watercolors, collages, prints, artist books, photos, and installation art are also displayed on a regular basis. While it is primarily concerned with the provision of space to display visual artwork, art galleries are sometimes used to organize other artistic activities, such as performing arts, music concerts, or poetry readings.
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Gallery type
This term relates to public public and private . Public gallery is a non-profit or public museum featuring selected art collections. The private gallery refers to a commercial company to sell art. However, both of these types can host temporary travel fairs or exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere.
Generally speaking, in use in the United States, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, while a public gallery is probably an art museum . In English and Commonwealth use, the word gallery only implies a public gallery, which is distinguished from the private or commercial gallery, and the museum i> itself is understood to refer to an institution that stores a collection of historical, archeological, or scientific objects, rather than art.
Gallery in the museum
The rooms in the museum where art is shown publicly are often referred to as galleries as well, with rooms dedicated to Ancient Egyptian art often called Egyptian Galleries , for example.
Contemporary Gallery
The term contemporary art gallery refers to a private non-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found gathered in the center of the big city. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but can also be found in towns or villages, and remote areas where artists gather, for example. the art colony of Taos and St Ives, Cornwall.
Contemporary art galleries are often open to the public at no cost; However, some are semi-private. They make a profit by taking some of the art sales; Twenty-five to fifty percent is typical. There are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge artists a flat rate per day, although this is considered unpleasant in some international art markets. Galleries often hang solo shows. Curators often create group events with messages about a particular theme, trends in the art, or a group of related artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent exclusive artists, giving them the chance for regular performances.
Gallery definitions can also include workspaces of artists or managed artists, often (in North America and Western Europe) operating as spaces with more democratic mission and election processes. Such galleries have boards of directors and volunteers or paid support staff who choose and curate performances by the committee, or similar processes to choose art that often has no commercial purpose.
Vanity galleries
A vanity gallery is an art gallery that levies fees from artists to show their work, such as the futile press for authors. The show has no legitimate curation and often includes as many artists as possible. Most art professionals can identify them on artist resumes.
Museums and university galleries
The museums and university art galleries are art collections developed, owned and maintained by all types of schools, colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in the West and East, making it a global practice. Although neglected, there are over 700 university art museums in the US alone. This number, compared to other art museums, makes the university art museum perhaps the largest art museum category in the country. While the first collection can be traced to a collection of learning developed at art academies in Western Europe, they are now associated with and placed in centers of higher education of all kinds.
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History
Private collection
Throughout history, great and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and kings and displayed in temples, churches and palaces. Although these art collections are personal, they are often made available for public viewing. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as early forms of art galleries. Rich Roman collectors of etched gems (including Julius Caesar) and other valuable objects often donate their collections to the temple. It is not clear how easy it is in practice for the public to see these items.
In Europe, from the late Middle Ages onwards, the areas of the royal palaces, palaces, and large houses of the social elite were often made partly accessible to sections of society, where art collections can be seen. At the Palace of Versailles, the entrance is limited to people wearing the right clothes - suitable accessories (silver shoes and swords) can be rented from the shops outside. The treasury of the cathedral and the great churches, or parts thereof, are often set for public display. Many British noble houses can be visited by honorable men to tip to the housekeeper, for long periods when the family does not stay.
Special arrangements were made to allow the public to see many royal or private collections placed in galleries, such as most of the paintings of the Orleans Collection, placed in the wings of the Palais-Royal in Paris and can be visited for much of the 18th century. In Italy, art tourism from the Grand Tour became a major industry from the 18th century onwards, and cities made an effort to make their main works accessible. The Capitoline Museum began in 1471 with the donation of a classical statue to the Roman city by the Papacy, while the Vatican Museum, whose collections still belong to the Pope, traces their foundation to 1506, when the recently discovered LaocoÃÆ'¶ n and His Sons displayed in public. A series of museums on various subjects opened over the next centuries, and many Vatican buildings were built specifically as galleries. An early royal treasury opened to the public was the GrÃÆ'¼nes GewÃÆ'¶lbe of the Kingdom of Saxony in the 1720s.
Publicly founded private museums from the 17th century onwards are often based on a collection of types of cabinet curiosity. The first museum is the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, opened in 1683 for home and featuring Elias Ashmole artifacts granted to Oxford University in a will.
Public gallery
In the second half of the 18th century, many personal art collections were nationalized and opened to the public.
In 1753, the British Museum was founded and the Old Royal Library's collection of manuscripts and artwork was donated to him for a public spectacle. In 1777, a proposal to the British government was proposed by MP John Wilkes to purchase a recent collection of art from Sir Robert Walpole, who had assembled one of Europe's largest collections, and put it on a specially constructed wing. British Museum for public viewing. After much debate, the idea was eventually abandoned for a large fee, and twenty years later, the collection was purchased by Tsarina Catherine the Great of Russia and housed in the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.
The Bavarian royal collection (now in Alte Pinakothek, Munich) opened to the public in 1779 and the Medici collection in Florence around 1789 (as the Uffizi Gallery). The opening of Musà © e du Louvre during the French Revolution in 1793 as a public museum for most of the French royal collections marked an important stage in the development of public access to the arts by transferring ownership to the republican state; but it is a continuation of an already established trend. The building now occupied by the Prado in Madrid was built before the French Revolution to showcase public pieces of royal art collection, and similar royal galleries opened to the public in Vienna, Munich and other capitals. In the United Kingdom, however, the corresponding Royal Collection remains in the private hands of kings and the first specially constructed national art gallery is the Dulwich Picture Gallery, established in 1814 and the National Gallery opened to the public a decade later in 1824.
Visual art is not displayed in the gallery
Working on paper, such as drawings, pastels, watercolors, prints, and photographs are not usually displayed permanently for conservation reasons. Instead, public access to this material is provided by a dedicated print study room located within the museum. Mural generally remains where they are painted, although many have been moved to the gallery. Various art forms of the 20th century, such as land art and performing arts, also usually exist outside the gallery. Photographic notes of this type of art are often displayed in the gallery. Most major museums and art galleries have more work than space to display. The rest is held in backup collections , on or off the site.
Similar to the art gallery is a sculpture garden (or "sculpture park"), which presents the statue in the open space. Installation of the statue has become popular, where temporary sculptures are installed in open spaces during events such as festivals.
Architecture
The architectural form of art gallery was founded by Sir John Soane with its design for the Dulwich Picture Gallery in 1817. It built the gallery as a series of interconnected rooms with largely uninterrupted wall space for hanging images and indirect lighting from the glass roof or roof lantern.
The late 19th century experienced an explosion in the construction of public art galleries in Europe and America, becoming an important cultural feature of the big cities. More art galleries stand beside museums and public libraries as part of city efforts for literacy and public education.
In the mid- and late-20th century, earlier architectural styles were used for art museums (such as Beaux Art styles from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City or Gothic Awakening architecture and Renaissance Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum) surrendering to modern styles, such as Dekonstruktivisme. Examples of these trends include the Guggenheim Museum in New York City by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry, the Pompidou-Metz Center by Shigeru Ban, and the redesign of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art by Mario Botta. Some critics have argued that these galleries defeated their purpose because their dramatic interior space averted their eyes from the paintings they were supposed to exhibit.
Cultural aspects
Many art museums throughout history have been designed with cultural goals or are subject to political intervention. In particular, the national art gallery has been considered instigating a feeling of nationalism. This has happened in democratic and non-democratic countries, although authoritarian regimes have historically exercised more control over the administration of art museums. Ludwig Justi for example was dismissed as director of the National National Allegalerie in Berlin in 1933 by the new Nazi authorities for being politically incompatible.
The question of where art museums in the community has long been debated. Some see art museums are essentially elitist institutions, while others see them as institutions with potential education and community rapture. John Cotton Dana, a librarian and director of the American museum, and founder of the Newark Museum, sees the traditional art museum as a useless public institution, focusing on fashion and conformity rather than education and rapture. Indeed, the Fund's ideal museum would be the most suitable for active and powerful use by the average citizen, located near their daily movement center. In addition, Dana's conception for a perfect museum includes a wider variety of objects than traditional art museums, including industrial and handicraft tools that drive imagination in a region traditionally considered worldly. This view of the art museum envisioned it as one that suited the industrial world, did improve it. Dana viewed paintings and sculptures as less useful than industrial products, comparing the museum with a convenience store. In addition, he encourages active lending of museum-collected items to improve education in schools and foster the development of the culture of every member of society. Finally, Dana sees museum branches throughout the city as a good method to ensure that every citizen has access to its benefits. Dana's view of the ideal museum seeks to instill more variation in it, and is consciously not elitist.
Since the 1970s, a number of political theorists and social commentators have demonstrated the political implications of art museums and social relations. Pierre Bourdieu, for example, argues that regardless of the freedom of choice in art, the artistic preferences of people (such as classical music, rock, traditional music) are closely related to their social position. Called cultural capital is a major factor in social mobility (eg, getting a job with higher and higher pay). The argument states that a particular art museum aims to perpetuate the aristocratic and upper-class ideals of taste and exclude the segment of society without the social opportunity to develop that interest. Visual art thus perpetuates social inequality by creating divisions among different social groups. This argument is also related to Marxist elite mysticism and cultural theory.
In addition, certain art galleries, such as the National Gallery in London and the Louvre in Paris are located in buildings with great emotional impact. The Louvre in Paris for example lies in the former Royal Castle of the ancient regime, and thus clearly designed with a political agenda. It has been argued that such buildings create a feeling of conquest and add to the mystification of art.
Museums online
Museum with major web presence
Most art museums have only a limited online collection, but several museums, as well as some libraries and government agencies, have developed substantial online catalogs. Museums, libraries and government agencies with printed collections, photographs and other works substantially on paper include:
- Library of Congress, prints (C19 on) and photo collection (several million entries).
- The British Museum has 2,045,291 objects available online, of which 715,184 have one or more images (as of August 2011).
Museums, libraries and government agencies with substantial online collections with more focus on painting and sculpture include:
- The Rijksmuseum has 399,189 objects available online, of which 153,309 have one or more images.
- National Portrait Gallery, with over 185,000 works, including painted portraits and photography.
- The Metropolitan Art Museum, with over 400 separate galleries, each containing several hundred works.
- MOMA (Museum of Modern Art), with nearly 50,000 works from a collection of paintings, drawings, prints, sculptures, films, photography, and performing arts.
- The Boston Museum of Fine Arts, with over 330,000 works, mostly with pictures. Suitable for mold.
- San Francisco Museum of Fine Arts, with over 85,000 works.
- Harvard Art Museums, with more than 81,000 works, about half have very low resolution images.
- The Louvre, with over 80,000 works in various databases, with a large number of images, as well as 140,000 other images.
- National Art Gallery, with over 108,000 works cataloged, albeit with only 6,000 images.
- (in French) Mona Lisa Database from French Museum - Joconde * (from the French Ministry of Culture)
- South Korean Photoclass Gallery Art Gallery - since 2002
Online art collection
There are a number of online art catalogs and galleries that have been independently developed from the support of every museum. Many of these, such as the American Art Gallery, are attempts to develop an encyclopedic or historical art gallery in focus, while others are a commercial effort to sell the work of contemporary artists.
A number of such sites have an independent interest in the art world. Large auction houses, such as Sotheby's, Bonhams, and Christie's, maintain a large online art database that they have auctioned or are auctioning off. The Bridgeman Art Library serves as a major source of artwork reproductions, with limited access to museums, art dealerships, and other professional or professional organizations.
Folksonomy
There is also an online gallery that has been developed by a museum and gallery collaboration that is more interested in art categorization. They are interested in the potential use of folksonomies within the museum and the requirements for post-processing requirements that have been collected, both to test their utility and to apply it in a useful way.
The steve.museum is one example of a site that experiments with this collaborative philosophy. Participating institutions include the Guggenheim Museum, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
List of Museums
- List of museums (main Wikipedia page, listing links to articles in many museums, worldwide, sorted by country)
- List of most visited museums
- List of most visited art museums
- List of most visited museums by region
- List of the world's largest art museum International and national list
- World: World Heritage Sites (per UNESCO)
- World (modern art): Museum of modern art
- Latin America: Museum in Latin America, on the Latin American Network Information Center (LANIC) website of the University of Texas at Austin
- US: Category: Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, listing alphabets with links.
- US: ART MUSEUMS, ART CENTER, and NON-PROFIT ART ORGANIZATION web pages, ordered by state, on Art Collecting.com website.
- US: The museum page, listing (with link) the national museum of the United States, in the sub-section "History, Art, and Culture" from the "Citizens" section of the US.gov general US federal information website
- List of museums in London, England, England
- List of museums in Paris, France
- List of museums in Rome, Italy
- List of museums in San Francisco, California, USA
- List of museums in Los Angeles, California, USA
- List of museums in Massachusetts, USA
- List of museums in New York City, New York, USA
- List of museums in Toronto, Canada
List of local areas
Europe local area
North America local area
Organization
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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