The Morrill Land-Grant Acts is a United States law that enables the creation of a tertiary grant college in the US using federal land sales. The Morrill Act of 1862 (Enacted in the American Civil War and Morrill Act of 1890 < 1890 (26 Stat. 417, 7 USC Ã,§ 321 et seq.)) Expand this model.
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Part of original charge
For 20 years before the first introduction of the bill in 1857, there was a political movement demanding the establishment of an agricultural college. The movement was led by Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College. For example, the Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an "agricultural school", although it was not until February 12, 1855, that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed the bill establishing the first agricultural college of the United States, the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, now known as Michigan State University, which serves as a model for the Morrill Act.
On February 8, 1853, the Illinois Legislature adopted a resolution, drafted by Turner, calling on the Illinois congress delegation to work to draft a land grant law to fund an industrial college system, one in each state. Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois believes that the bill should be introduced by members of eastern Congress, and two months later Justin Smith Morrill's representative from Vermont introduced the bill.
Unlike the Turner Plan, which provides the same grant to each state, the Morrill bill allocates land based on the number of senators and representatives of each country in Congress. This is more profitable for the more populous eastern states.
The Morrill Act was first proposed in 1857, and passed by Congress in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan. In 1861, Morrill relinquished that action with amendments that the proposed institution would teach military tactics as well as engineering and agriculture. Aided by the separation of many countries that did not support the plan, this reconfigured Morrill Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 2, 1862. On the previous day Lincoln signed a bill that financed cross-continental trains with land grants. Less than two months earlier he signed the Homestead Act that encouraged western settlements. Together these acts, taken at a time when the Union Army perform poorly, do a lot to determine post-American Civil War.
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Academy of land grant
The goals of tertiary land grants are:
without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach learning branches such as those pertaining to agriculture and mechanical arts, in such a way that each State legislature can prescribe, to promote the liberal and practical education of industrial classes in some pursuits and professions in life.
By law, each eligible country receives a total of 30,000 acres (120 km 2 ) of federal soil, either within or adjacent to its limits, for each member of the state congress to have on the census 1860. This land, or proceeds of sale, will be used to build and fund the educational institutions described above. Under the provisions of six of the Act, "No State is temporarily in a state of rebellion or rebellion against the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act," referring to the recent separation of some Southern states and the raging rampage of the American civil war.
After the war, however, the 1862 Act expanded into earlier Confederate countries; it was eventually extended to every state and territory, including those created after 1862. If federal lands in a country were insufficient to fulfill the country's land grant, the state issued a "scrip" that authorized the state to elect a federal land in another. to finance the institution. For example, New York carefully selected precious woodlands in Wisconsin to fund Cornell University. p.Ã, 9 The scrip management generated by this university earns one-third of the total grant revenues generated by all states. , although New York received only a tenth of the 1862 land grant. p. 10 Overall, the 1862 Morrill Act allocates 17.4 million acres (70,000 km 2 ) from the ground, which when sold generates a collective donation of $ 7.55 million. p.Ã, 8
On September 11, 1862, the state of Iowa was the first to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act which provided the required funding boost for the State Agricultural College and Model Farm (eventually renamed the University of Iowa State Science and Technology). The first land grant institute created under the Act is the Kansas State University, established on 16 February 1863, and opened on 2 September 1863.
Before the Civil War, most American engineers were educated at West Point. While Congressional debates related to the Morrill Act are mostly focused on benefits for agriculture, mechanical art is specifically included. After the Civil War, when the German University model began to replace the English College, with the encouragement of the Morrill Act, the engineering discipline gradually set. Since the Morrill Act issues expenditures on buildings, certain infrastructure engineering such as textbooks and laboratories are developed. In 1866, there were approximately 300 American men with engineering degrees and six reputable colleges. give them. In 1911, the United States had passed 3000 engineers a year, and had a total of 38,000 engineers. The Morrill Act coincides with the formation of engineering at American universities.
With some exceptions (including Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), almost all tertiary land grants are public. (Cornell University, while private, runs several state-supported contract universities that fulfill its public land grant mission to New York state.)
To maintain their status as a land grant college, a number of programs must be maintained by the college. This includes programs in agriculture and engineering, as well as the Reserve Officers Corps Training program.
Expansion
The second Morrill Act of 1890 was also directed to the former Confederate states. This action requires each country to show that race is not an acceptance criterion, or else to appoint a separate grant agency for colored people. Among the seventy colleges and universities that eventually evolved from Morrill Acts are some of today's black colleges and universities. Although the 1890 Act provides cash instead of land, it is awarded a college under which the same legal act stands as Act 1862 college; then the term "college grant" is true for both groups.
Later, other universities such as the District of Columbia and the 1994 "grant academy" for Native Americans were also given cash by Congress instead of land to obtain "land grant" status.
In mimicking the focus of college-grants on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established marine grant college programs (aquatic research, in 1966), urban grant colleges (urban research, in 1985), space- aerospace research, in 1988), and a solar grant college (continuous energy research, in 2003).
Agricultural experimental station and cooperative renewal service
Beginning in 1887, the Congress also funded agricultural experiment stations and various categories of agricultural and animal research "under the direction" of land grant universities. Congress later acknowledged the need to disseminate the knowledge gained in tertiary land grants for farmers and housewives. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 initiates federal funding of cooperative extension, with university grant agents sent to almost every county in every state. In some states, the annual federal allocation to state universities under this law exceeds the current income of the original land grant. In the fiscal year 2006 budget USDA, $ 1,033 billion is used for national cooperative research and development activities. For this purpose, former President George W. Bush proposed $ 1,035 billion for seizure for fiscal year 2008.
See also
- Association of State and Grant Universities
- Hatch Act of 1887
- University grant land
- List of grant universities
- Smith-Lever Act of 1914
- United States Department of Agriculture
References
External links
- "Text and PDF of 1862 original manuscript from Morrill Act". ourDocuments.gov . US National Archives and Archives Administration.
- Reasonable Law: How to Disconnect Helps Educate Americans . Amherst, MA: New England Public Radio. 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013 . Retrieved December 10 2013 . Ã, Radio documentary about Morrill Land-Grant Acts.
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