The Rhodes Scholarship , named after the mining king and Anglo-South African politician Cecil John Rhodes, is an international graduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford. It is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world. Founded in 1902, it is the first large-scale program of international scholarship, inspiring the creation of many other awards around the world (such as the Fulbright program, Marshall Scholarship, and Gates Cambridge Scholarship).
As outlined in his will, Cecil Rhodes's goal in creating the Rhodes Scholarship is to promote a civil-minded leadership among "young colonists" with "moral strength of character and instinct to lead", to "continuation of the British Empire, to bring the whole uncivilized world in under British rule, for the restoration of the United States, to make an Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire ". With a scholarship, he "aims to make Oxford University a center for English-speaking racial education". Since its creation, the controversy has surrounded the exclusion of former women (thus leading to the formation of a co-educational Marshall scholarship), and the Anglo-supremacy of Rhodes supremacy and the legacy of colonialism.
Including the 2015 class, there are 7,777 scholars since the beginning of the program, with over 4,700 still alive in 2005.
Video Rhodes Scholarship
History
Establishment and motivation
The Rhodes scholarship is administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, founded in 1902 under the terms and conditions of will of Cecil John Rhodes, and is funded by his inheritance. The Trust has been modified by three Acts of Parliament: The Rhodes Estate Act 1916, Rhodes Trust Act 1929, The Rhodes Trust Act 1946; and lastly by The Rhodes Trust (Modified) Order of 1976, a legal instrument in accordance with Section 78 (4) of the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act. Rhodes' motivation in building a scholarship is reflected in his will. WT Stead notes in his elusidatory notes against Rhodes's desire that "[revealed] him to the world as the first British statesman to have Imperialism is a race and not an Empire... Mr. Rhodes is color-blind between the British and American republics." Oriel College, Oxford, chose his alma mater as his great experimental site because he believed that his campus would be a "big advantage" for "young colonists" for "giving them breadth." their views for instruction in life and manners and to instill into their minds the advantages to the Colonies as well as to the British Empire from the retention of the imperial unity. "With this motivation, the legacy was initially reserved for scholarships for the British, US and German colonies, all of which were chosen because it was considered that" a good understanding between Britain, Germany and the United States would ensure world peace. "When he developed the idea for a scholarship, Rhodes wrote that his dream was "a continuation of the British Empire, to bring the whole uncivilized world under British rule, to the restoration of the United States, to make Anglo-Saxon races but one Empire. "
After Rhodes' death
In 1925, the Commonwealth Commonwealth Fund (later renamed Harkness Fellowships) was founded to avenge the Rhodes Scholarship by allowing British graduates to study in the United States. The Kennedy Scholarship Program, created in 1966 as a memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopted a selection process comparable to the Rhodes Scholarship to allow ten British graduate students per year to study at Harvard or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It also cooperates with universities in China, BLCC for example. BLCC offers high-level scholarships for international students aiming to learn Mandarin in Beijing. In 1953, the Royal Parliament created the Marshall Scholarship as a co-educational alternative to the Rhodes Scholarship which would serve as a "living gift" to the United States.
For at least the first 75 years, Rhodes Scholars usually study for a second Bachelor of Arts degree. While it remains an option, newer scholars usually study for a higher degree.
In recognition of the hundred years of the founding of Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded honors by the University of Oxford. These are John Brademas, Bob Hawke (Western Australia and University 1953), Rex Nettleford and David R. Woods. During the centenary celebration, the foundations of Mandela Rhodes Foundation are also marked.
In 2013, at the 110th Rhodes Anniversary celebration, John McCall MacBain, Marcy McCall MacBain and McCall MacBain Foundation donated £ 75 million to Rhodes Trust's fundraising efforts.
In 2015, Rhodes Scholar R. W. Johnson published a critical report about the slump of the Rhodes Trust under his guard, John Rowett, and praised the recovery under the supervision of Donald Markwell and Charles R. Conn.
Cecil Rhodes hopes today's Rhodes scholars and alumni (in words of their will) have "an opportunity to meet and discuss their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in initiation by the first warden (Sir Francis Wylie), annual Warden annual (now equipped with Rhodes e-news and other communications); the creation of an alumni association in several countries, the most prominent is the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes The American Oxonian , founded in 1914, and oversees Eastman Professorship); and organizing reunions for Rhodes Scholars from all countries.
Maps Rhodes Scholarship
Selection and selectivity
Selection criteria
Rhodes relics set four standards in which applicants should be tried:
- Literature and scholastic achievement;
- The energy to use one's talents completely, as exemplified by the joys and successes of the sport (today expressed as energy used in many ways, not pure through sport);
- Truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy and protection of the weak, kindness, unselfishness, and fellowship;
- The moral strength of character and instinct to lead, and pay attention to fellow creatures.
The scholarships of each country vary in selectivity. In the United States, applicants must pass through the university's internal endorsement process, then proceed to one of the 16 US district committees. By 2016, about 2,500 students sought their institutional support for Rhodes Rhodes scholarships, among them 882 of 311 university supported institutions, of which 32 were eventually elected. Thus, the American Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than Churchill Scholarships, Truman Scholarships, Fulbright Scholarships, Gates Scholarships, and Mitchell Scholarships, but less selective than Marshall Scholarships in terms of university supported applicants. In Canada between 1997-2002, there are an average of 234 university supported applicants each year for 11 scholarships, for a rate of 4.7%. In addition, the Canadian province varies greatly in the number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for 2 places (3.4%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving 18 applications for 1 place (5.7%). According to Rhodes Trust, overall global acceptance rate reaches 0.7%, making it one of the most competitive scholarships in the world.
The initial change was the abolition of scholarships for Germany during the First and Second World Wars. No German scholar was selected from 1914 to 1929, or from 1940 to 1969. Rhodes's legacy was trimmed out in the first decades after his death, as scholarship fellows were forced to pay taxes on their own deaths. The change took place in 1929, when the Law of Parliament formed a fund separate from the initial results of the Rhodes wills and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community.
Scholarship provisions
Rhodes Scholars can study any full-time graduate program offered by the university, whether a taught masters program, a research degree, or a second bachelor's degree (senior status). In the first example, scholarships are awarded for two years. However, it can also be held for a year or three years. Applications for the third year are considered during the second year. University and college fees are paid by Rhodes Trust. In addition, scholars receive monthly maintenance allowances to cover accommodation and living expenses. Although all scholars became affiliated with temporary residential colleges in Oxford, they also enjoyed access to Rhodes House, an early 20th century mansion with many public spaces, gardens, libraries, study areas, and other facilities.
Allocation of scholarship
Initially there were 57 scholarships.
Four South African boys' schools are mentioned in the will of Rhodes, each to receive an annual scholarship: Boys Secondary School in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); Bishop's College in Rondebosch; South African High School (SACS) in Newlands; and St. Andrew's College in Grahamstown. This has then been opened also for former students from their partner schools (girls' schools or counseling schools).
Over the next 100 years, the trustees have added about 40 other scholarships at one time or another, though not all of them continue. Some of these extend schemes to Commonwealth countries that are not mentioned in the wills. More detailed allocations by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. A very brief summary of some terms and conditions can be found on the trust website. Full details can be obtained from the nominating country.
In 2017, scholars are selected from more than 20 Rhodes constituencies (64 different countries) around the world. In 2015 the Rhodes Scholarship is extended to a new territory, first with the announcement of a number of scholarships for China, then with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the United Arab Emirates. The organization that administers the scholarship is preparing to start naming the clerics from China. The movement to China is the largest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.
Controversy
Women exceptions
Rhodes scholarship originally, according to the language and terminology used in the Rhodes will, is open only to men. After his death, the will is under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Rhodes Trust. However, in 1916, the guardians introduced the bill to the House of Commons, which served the popular British sentiment during the War, "uprooted and canceled" the German scholarship. Since then, the legal control of the will has settled with Parliament. And no action of Parliament, women can not qualify to apply for a scholarship.
In 1970, the coach founded Rhodes Visiting Fellowships. Unlike regular scholarships, Visiting Friends are expected to have a doctorate or comparable degree, and use two-year-funded studies to engage in independent research. Only 33 Visiting Fellowships are given.
In 1975, Parliament passed the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex, including in education. The Trustees then applied to the Secretary of State for Education to receive women into scholarships, and in 1976 the request was granted. In 1977, women were finally accepted with full scholarships. For the most part, these changes are a result of the progress of the feminist movement as well as the importance of Title IX laws in the United States that create illegal sex discrimination in colleges receiving federal financial assistance.
Before Parliament passed the 1975 Act, some universities protested the exclusion of women by nominating women candidates, who were then disqualified at the state level of American competition. In 1977, the first year women qualified, 24 women (out of 72 total undergraduates) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States. Since then, the average female portion of scholarships in the United States is about 35 percent.
In his 2008 book Heritage: Cecil Rhodes, Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship (Yale Press University), biographer and historian Philip Ziegler writes that "The appearance of women does not seem to affect the balance of scholars among the various professions, reduce the occurrence of worldly success. "The idea has persisted that Rhodes Scholars women are less successful overall than their male counterparts, but research from The Rhodes Project, under the leadership of Dr. Ann Olivarius, suggests this is wrong Women have achieved significant success in Oxford and beyond.
In South Africa, the will of Cecil Rhodes clearly allocates scholarships to four private schools of all men. In 1992, one of four schools partnered with a girls-only school to allow female applicants. By 2012, the three remaining schools follow to allow women to register. Today, 4 out of 9 scholarships are allocated to South Africa open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools.
Black Africans exception
Beginning in 1970, scholars began to protest the fact that all Rhodes Scholarships from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford donors and 80 of 145 Scholars Rhodes in residence at the time of signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to be elected in 1971 The South African case is very difficult to resolve, because in his will to form a scholarship, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni from four private white schools. According to Schaeper and Schaeper, the issue became "explosive" in the 1970s and 1980s when scholars argued that scholarships were changed while trustees believed they were powerless to change the will. Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the rise of the African National Congress, black Africans began winning scholarships.
Criticism of Rhodes as colonialist
Public criticism of the scholarship also focused on the supremacy of white Cecil Rhodes. For example, in 1966, the regional committee in the interview asked an American white candidate to convince them that he would not underestimate the scholarship after he mentioned his stand on "blood money". In 2015, a South African Rhodes scholar, Ntokozo Qwabe, embarked on a campaign to discuss Rhodes's controversial historical and political legacy, focusing on "dismantling open worship of colonial genocide in education and other public spaces - people believe that these genocides are "not that bad" - and sustain the structural legacy of British colonialism, neocolonialism and imperialism in progress ". Among other things, the campaign called for the removal of the Rhodes statue from Oriel College and changes to the Oxford curriculum. While the college agreed to review the placement of the statue, the university Chancellor, Lord Patten, warned against "pandering to a contemporary outlook".
A group of Rhodes Scholars also created the Redress of Rhodes group whose mission is "to achieve a more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of Cecil John Rhodes' heritage" and "to make reparative justice a more central theme for the Rhodes Scholars." Their demands included, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships exclusively to the whitewashed South African Schools (not in the big national pool), dedicated "the space at Rhodes House for critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes's legacy, and imperial history" and ending ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make it to the founders. While the group has no position on the removal of the statue, its founders have called for a scholarship to be renamed because it is "the last form of colonial worship and apology, that's a big part of why many continue to understand Rhodes as a good founder and philanthropist."
Public criticism also focuses on hypocrisy allegations in applying and accepting the Rhodes Scholarship when criticizing it, with Cambridge University's Mary Beard academic, writing in The Times Literary Supplement, arguing that Scholars "[can not] have your cake and eat it here: I mean you can not exclude Rhodes from history, but continue to use the money. "Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that" all that [Rhodes] were looted must have to be returned immediately. "I am not a Rhodes beneficiary. the beneficiaries of the resources and labor of my people who were captured and stoned by Rhodes. " A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars from various years later signed a statement supporting Qwabe and argued that there was "no hypocrisy in becoming Rhodes recipients and openly criticizing Cecil Rhodes and his legacy - a heritage that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanise in a way that does not acceptable There are no clauses that bind us to find 'good' in Rhodes characters, or to purge the imperialist and colonial agenda it propagates. "
Criticism of non-signed recipients
The growing trend of Rhodes Scholars to enter business or private law, as opposed to public services intended for scholarships, has been a source of frequent and "sometimes embarrassing" criticism. Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticized the trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue a career in finance and business, noting that "more than twice as many [now] went into business in just one year than in the whole 1970s" with the "odd" remuneration offered by such a job. At least the "half-dozen" 1990s Rhodes Scholars became partners at Goldman Sachs and, since the 1980s, McKinsey has had many Rhodes Scholars as partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who are lawyers, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private companies, while the remaining third remains in private practice or academic posts.
According to Schaeper and Schaper, "From 1904 to the present, program critics have two main themes: first, too many scholars are satisfied with comfortable and safe jobs in academia, in law, and in business; secondly, it has too little career government or other areas where public service is the number one goal. "Andrew Sullivan wrote in 1988 that" of the more than 1,900 or more American scholars who live... about 250 fill administrative and mid-level professional positions in college and university level medium... [while] another 260... has ended up as a lawyer. "
The quality of post-graduate education in Oxford
In 2007, an op-ed by two American Rhodes Scholars led to an "international row over Oxford's status as a top university" when they criticized the university's post-graduate education as "outdated" and "frustrated" compared to their education in America. Countries, in particular, point to the inadequate quality of teaching and scholarship salaries for living expenses. They also criticized Rhodes's application process itself, arguing that potential applicants should not register unless they are "ready to study and live in Oxford."
The original response encourages responses on both sides of the Atlantic. Other students criticized the authors for their tone of "being ungrateful and entitled," while The Sunday Times notes that it sparked "long rivalries between Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford" and the concerns that exist about the quality of British graduate education. In response, Rhodes Trust released two statements, one to the Sunday Times which said that "criticism... is not representative of most Americans" who studied at Oxford, and others in retaliation for the original opinion stating that "false hopes," especially for those who are unsure about their degree option, and going to Oxford for "wrong reasons," may contribute to dissatisfaction.
Criticisms of political bias
In 2017 a group of Rhodes Scholars called Rhodes Scholars for Intellectual Diversity accused the Rhodes Scholars of political bias. In particular they criticize that the scholarly selection process benefits those with a slant. The Rhodes Trust denies the allegations. Warden Charles R. Conn called the allegations "confusing and false". The Rhodes Trust bans a spokesman for Rhodes Scholars for Intellectual Diversity from the Rhodes Scholar internal forum. Rhodes Scholar for Intellectual Diversity highlights the difference in the number between the Democrats and the Republic of Rhodes Bachelors in the elected office. This is reflected in the report that about half of the selected 2017 Rhodes Scholars classes are social justice activists.
Controversy over Rhodes Must Fall activist
Ntokozo Qwabe, co-founder of Rhodes Must Fall and a Rhodes Scholar, is the subject of controversy over seemingly racist remarks against a white waiter in South Africa. For this he has been heavily criticized in Britain and in South Africa. A few days after the November 2015 attack, Qwabe also caused controversy to compare the French flag with the Nazi swastika and called for it to be banned from the university.
Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Rhodes Must Fall, was accused of being hypocritical, including by Rhodes Must Fall, who subsequently applied and received the Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticized for not awarding a scholarship to a more viable person.
Renowned career scholar and track
Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper concluded that while "some of them have" changed the world "... most of them have become credits to their professions... and society", found that "the vast majority of Rhodes Scholars have solid and honorable. "Eight former Rhodesologians later became heads of government or head of state, including Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan), Bill Clinton (United States), Dom Mintoff (Malta), John Turner (Canada), Norman Manley (Jamaica) and three Australian prime minister: Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull.
From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business and 10% in medicine and science. Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue full-time careers in government... the number of scholars in local, state and federal governments remained stable 7 percent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have a solid, but not special career," while "perhaps forty or more can be said to have significant national impacts in their particular fields."
At least three scholars have been serving prison terms since the 1980s (one of which is Mel Reynolds, for rape & forgiveness Mahmood Farooqui, for the rape of a researcher) and about three dozen have committed suicide in the program's history.
Comparison with other post-graduate scholars
As the first large-scale international scholarship program, the Rhodes Scholarship inspires the creation of other awards, including:
- International Fulbright program to teach study/research or teaching English in over 150 countries (1946)
- Marshall scholarships for Americans to study at any university in England (1953)
- Churchill scholarships for Americans to study at Churchill College at the University of Cambridge (1959)
- Kennedy Scholarships for UK citizens to study at Harvard University or Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1964)
- The Harkness Fellowship for citizens of nine countries to conduct research related to health policy in the United States (1997)
- Mitchell Scholarships for Americans to study at any university in Ireland (2000)
- The Cambridge International Gates Scholarship to study at the University of Cambridge (2000)
- John Monash Scholarships for Australians to study at any university worldwide (2004)
- International Yenching scholarship to study at Peking University (2015)
- Schwarzman international scholarship to study at Tsinghua University (2016)
- Knight-Hennessy international graduate to study at Stanford University (2018)
In the criteria of structure and selection, the scholarship is most similar to the Cambridge Gates Scholarship, the Marshall Scholarship and the UK Fulbright Program. Like Rhodes, Marshall is a two-stage geography scholarship organized through districts in selecting countries. Like the Cambridge Gates, Rhodes can only be maintained at one university. In structure, the Marshall Scholarship is more flexible than the Rhodes Scholarship, where Marshall Scholars can study at a British university and may also attend different universities each year during the undergraduate period. In addition, a number of Marshall scholarships a year are available. The Marshall scholarship also places greater emphasis on academic achievement and potential, requiring a minimum grade point average of 3.7. For example, the Marshall Scholarship winner from Harvard University has an average of 3.92 GPA, while the Rhodes Harvard Scholarship winner has an average GPA of 3.8.
See also
- List of Rhodes Scholars
- Chevening Scholarship
- Clarendon Scholarship
- Harry S. Truman Scholarship
- Udall Scholarship
- Thouron Awards
References
Further reading
- Godfrey Elton, First Fifty Years of The Rhodes Trust and Scholarships, 1903-1953 . London: Blackwell, 1955.
- R.I. Rotberg, Founder: Cecil Rhodes and Pursuit of Power . New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Philip Ziegler, Cecil Rhodes, Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
- R.W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: The Oxford Post-War Gold Age . Threshold Press, 2015
Books by ex-nanny from Rhodes House, Oxford:
- Anthony Kenny, History of the Rhodes Belief . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- Donald Markwell, "Instincts to Lead": About Leadership, Peace, and Education , 2013.
External links
- Rhodes Trust's official website
- Update on Rhodes Alumni
- Rhodes Project: The first in-depth study of Rhodes ladies
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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