Tuition fees, typically known as tuition in American English and as school fees in Commonwealth English, are fees imposed by educational institutions for instructions or services others. In addition to public spending (by government and other public agencies), private spending through tuition payments is the largest source of income for educational institutions in some countries. In most countries, especially countries in Scandinavia and Continental Europe, there is no or only nominal tuition fees for all forms of education, including universities and other higher education.
Video Tuition payments
Metode pembayaran
Some of the methods used to pay tuition include:
- Scholarship
- Bursary
- Sponsor or funding company
- Give
- Government student loans
- Education loan (personal)
- Family money (parents)
- Savings
Maps Tuition payments
By location
Countries such as South Africa, the United States, and the United Kingdom have an "upfront cost policy". These policies generally include the cost of schools large enough to give parents or guardians "the responsibility to cover part of their children's higher education costs." This responsibility can make it difficult for low-income students to attend college without the need for a grant or one or more loans.
Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were introduced in 1998, at the maximum allowable cost of Ã, £ 1,000. Since then, this maximum has been raised to Ã, Â £ 9,000 in most of the United Kingdom, while Scotland has removed tuition fees.
Tuition in the United States is one of the costs of post-secondary education. The total tuition fee is called the attendance fee (or, informally, "sticker price") and, in addition to tuition, can include room and meals and fees for facilities such as books, transportation, or commuters provided by the college.
French tuition is limited by the level of education pursued, from 183 Euro per year for undergraduate to 388 for doctoral degree. Some state universities have autonomous status, which means they can charge higher tuition fees, and all private universities charge tuition.
In the German Education system almost all universities and most universities of applied sciences are funded by the state and do not charge school fees. In exceptional cases the university may offer courses for professionals (eg executive MBA programs) that may require payment of tuition. Some local governments have recently decided that students from non-EU countries may be charged, although ERASMUS students, students from developing countries and other special groups are released. In addition there are private higher education institutions that run on a cost-based model of education.
In Greece there is no tuition fee because higher education undergraduate level and postgraduate level Masters degrees are given free of charge to all Greek (Greek) citizens as tax benefits of citizenship. However, universities accept very few students who have excelled in secondary schools, with selection made through the Panhellenic Exam, state-run test systems where the possibility of failure is too high and thus only a small percentage of students are able to graduate and there is a limit to the number of students acceptable every year. Furthermore, it is difficult for adult students to be admitted to university. Higher education doctoral level is also often provided free of charge, but some universities may charge for a PhD degree. Students who are unable to pass the Panhellenic Exam in some effort are effectively banned for life from the Greek university system and those wishing to have higher education must enroll in a private university (called a college, ??????) that imposed tuition fees or emigrated to other countries to get education. Sometimes it can happen that a student is academically very good at school but fails to get a good "ethical performance mark" or is disqualified from entering the Panhellenic Exam due to non-academic factors, since the Greek educational system also marks the "ethical performance of students" "(? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????) students from entering university (or in extreme cases of continuing in high school) even if students have excellent academic skills.
By institution
Tuition fees are charged at different levels from one type of institution to the next. The net tuition index index marks an increase in "relative real burden" for payments in various types of institutions for higher education; in the period between 1980 and 1995, for example, this burden increased by about 80 percent for students in public universities and 148 percent for students in private universities.
Most students or their families who pay tuition and other tuition fees do not have enough savings to pay in full when they are at school. Some students have to work or borrow money to get an education. In the United States, student financial assistance is available to finance the cost of post-secondary education: "Financial assistance is usually considered to have the greatest effect [attendance], when students who claim to consider whether to enroll in a particular institution." Often the lower the cost of the school, the more likely students are to attend.
Developed countries have adopted a dual scheme for education: while primary education (ie high school) is supported by tax and not tuition, higher education usually requires payment of tuition or fees.
People can buy educational insurance to protect themselves against costs associated with forced withdrawal (illness, death of a parent or guardian, etc.)
History
In medieval Europe, the university was primarily an institution of the Catholic Church. Because they primarily train pastors, most of these universities do not need to pay students from one exception: during the 12th century, while under the supervision of Pierre le Mangeur, the University of Paris began collecting two sous weekly tuition fees.
Then, the main task of universities in most Protestant countries is training for future civil servants. Again, it is not in the interest of the state to impose school fees, as this will degrade the quality of public servants. On the other hand, the number of students from lower classes is usually kept under check by living expenses during the study years, although as early as the mid-19th century there was a call to restrict university entrance by the middle class of people. A typical family, however, is unable to educate a child or young adult, even if the education itself is free. A similar situation occurs today in many Third World countries, where "free" school expenses (food, books, school uniforms, etc.) prevent some children from attending any school.
After World War II the tuition system of all the advanced democracies today is still very similar: Educational institutions in all countries do not charge very low tuition fees. It was not before the 1950s that the countries' educational system developed in different directions. Some countries, notably Anglo-Saxon countries (eg the United States) but also Asian countries such as Japan, introduced substantial tuition payments in the early post-war period. Other countries, especially in Scandinavia and continental Europe, on the other hand remain free of tuition. This development is not related to the massive expansion of education that occurs at the same time.
Since the early 1970s, the average tuition has exceeded the average growth of American households. This trend continued primarily under President Reagan's higher education policy in the 1980s. Likewise, there is a steady decline in federal funding for grants and the rise in interest rates for most student loans, making many students struggling to repay debts for years after graduation.
Tuition for undocumented students
Development, Help and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a law introduced in the US Senate. This will allow about 50,000 to 65,000 undocumented students in the United States to get state school fees as well as roads to American citizenship. The law will only apply to students with proof of residence in the United States before the age of 18 years. This law has sparked debate in various groups, including the institution, the family, and the Senate itself.
As of March 2013, undocumented students in most countries are required to pay the tuition fees of higher-out-state students charged at public universities, often between $ 20,000 and $ 35,000 at local public universities. In addition, these students are denied federal assistance because they do not have a valid Social Security number. Since such students often come from relatively poor families, the costs are too high to allow many undocumented students to seek university education in the United States.
See also
References
External links
Cauchon, Dennis (27 June 2004). "Giving more than just offset university tuition fees". Nation . USA Today . Retrieved 2006-05-11 .Source of the article : Wikipedia
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