Letterpress printing is a relief printing technique using a printing press, a process in which multiple copies are generated by the repeated direct impression of inked surfaces, raised against sheets or rolls of paper continuously. A worker constructs and locks the movable type into a press, ink, and press of a press, ink, and presses against it to transfer ink of the kind that creates an impression on paper.
In practice, letterpress also includes other forms of printing aids with printing presses, such as woodcuts, zinc "cuts" and linoleum blocks, which can be used with metals, or wood types, in one operation, and stereotypes and electrocipe types and blocks. With a particular letterpress unit it is also possible to join a movable type with slugs cast using hot metal font arrangement. In theory, anything "high type" or.918 inches can be printed using letterpress.
Letterpress printing is the normal form of the printed text of his invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-fifteenth to the nineteenth century and remains widely used for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century. Letterpress printing remained the primary way to print and distribute information until the 20th century, when offset printing was developed, largely replacing its role in printing books and newspapers. All forms of data collection are influenced by the discovery of letterpress printing, such as many careers such as teachers, preachers, doctors and surgeons and artists. Recently, letterpress printing has seen a resurgence in artisanal form.
Video Letterpress printing
Histori
Johannes Gutenberg is credited with the development of the western hemisphere, at about 1440, from the modern mobile printing type of individual cast, reusable letters incorporated in form (frame or chase). Movable types were first discovered in China using ceramic types in 1040 AD. Gutenberg also found a wooden printing machine, based on an existing winepress, in which the inked surface with ink-lined ink and paper was carefully placed overhead by hand, then slid beneath a soft surface and applied pressure from the top by the big one. threaded screw. It was Gutenberg's "screw press" or a hand press used to print 180 copies of the Bible. At 1,282 pages, he and his staff needed nearly 20 years to complete. 48 copies remain intact today. This form of press gradually replaces manuscripts of scribes and illuminators copied by hand as the most prevalent form of printing. Printer workshops, previously unknown in Europe before the mid-15th century, were found in every important metropolis in 1500. Then pressing the metal using a knuckle and a non-screw lever, but the principle is the same. Ink rollers are made of the ink composition make faster and pave the way for further automation.
Industrialization
With the advent of industrial mechanization, ink is done by rollers that pass through that type of face, then move out of the way onto the ink plates to pick up fresh ink film for the next sheet. Meanwhile, a piece of paper slid against the hinged plate (see picture), which was then quickly pressed into the type and turned back when the sheet was removed and the next sheet was inserted. When a new sheet of paper replaces the printed paper, the newly re-rolled roll patches the type again. A fully automatic 20th century player, such as Kluge and "Original" Heidelberg Platen ("Windmill"), incorporates feed and pneumatic pneumatic delivery.
Rotary press is used for high-speed jobs. In an oscillating press, the form is shifted under a drum in which each sheet of paper is wrapped for an impression, sliding back down the ink rollers while the paper has been removed and new sheets inserted. In a newspaper press, a papier-mÃÆ' Â ¢ chÃÆ'Ã… © mix is ​​called a flong that is used to make molds of all types shapes, then dried and bent, and a curved metal stereotype plate is thrown against it. The plates were cut into rotating drums and could be printed with continuous rolls of paper at the very high speed required for overnight newspaper production. These findings help to help the high demand for knowledge over this time period.
Maps Letterpress printing
History of North America
Canada
Letterpress printing was introduced in Canada in 1752 in Halifax, Nova Scotia by John Bushell in newspaper format. The paper is named Halifax Gazette and became the first newspaper in Canada. Bushell apprenticed under Bartholomew Green in Boston. Green moved to Halifax in 1751 in the hope of starting a newspaper, as it was not in the area. Two weeks and one day after the press he was going to use for this new project arrived in Halifax, Green died. After receiving word of what happened, Bushell moved to Halifax and continued what Green had begun. The Halifax Gazette was first published on March 23, 1752, making Bushell the first letterpress printer in Halifax, and finally Canada. There is only one known surviving copy found in the Massachusetts Historical Society.
United States
One of the first forms of letterpress printing in the United States is Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick, started by Benjamin Harris. This is the first form of a newspaper with many pages in America. The first publication of Publick The emergence of both Forreign and Domestick was September 25, 1690.
The rise and appearance of letterpress crafts
Letterpress began to become very outdated in the 1970s due to the emergence of new computer and printing methods and self-publishing publications. Many printing companies have gone out of business since the 1980s to the 1990s and sold their equipment after the computer replaced letterpress capabilities more efficiently. These commercial print shops throw away the pressure, making it affordable and available to craftsmen across the country. Popular press, in particular, tap the cylinder proof Vandercook and Chandler & amp; The price of printing plates. In the UK there is a special affection for the Arab press, built by Josiah Wade in Halifax. More recently, Letterpress has experienced a rebirth in popularity because of its "allure of hand-set type" and today's distinction between traditional letterpress and computerized print texts. Letterpress is unique and different from the standard printing format we currently use. Letterpress generally has the impression of relief of its kind, although this is considered a bad print in traditional letterpress. Letterpress's goal before the recent letterpress revival is to show no impression whatsoever. Type touches the paper a bit to leave the ink transfer, but does not leave an impression. This is often referred to as a "kiss". An example of this old technique is the newspaper. Some practitioners of letterpress today have different goals to show the impression of type, to clearly note that it is letterpress but many printers choose to maintain the integrity of traditional methods. Printing too much impression on both machines and types. Since its rise, letterpress has been widely used for art and stationery because its traditional use for newspaper printing is no longer relevant to use.
Letterpress is considered a craft because it involves the use of skills and is done by hand. Fine letterpress jobs are better than litho offsets because of the impression into the paper, providing a greater visual definition for the type and artwork, although that is not the traditional meaning of letterpress. Today, many of these small letterpress stores survive by printing great editions of books or by printing high-end invitations, stationery, and greeting cards. These methods often use an emphasis that requires the press operator to feed one sheet of paper at a time by hand. Today, the juxtaposition of this technique and offbeat humor for greeting cards has been proven by mailpress shops for sale to independent boutiques and souvenir shops. Some of these print makers will most likely use the old printing method as old, for example by printing using photopolymer plates at restored vintage presses.
The Influence of Martha Stewart
Letterpress publishing recently underwent a revival in the US, Canada and the UK, under the general banner of "Small Press Movement". The updated interest in letterpress was boosted by Martha Stewart Weddings magazine, which began using letterpress invitation images in the 1990s. In 2004 they stated "Be very careful in choosing the perfect wedding stationery - the couple contemplates the details of the level of formality to the growing typeface.The printing method should be no less important, because it can enliven the design beautifully, of course with letterpress. "In terms of having a letterpress print invitation, beauty and texture are attractive to couples who want letterpress invites instead of engraved, thermographic, or offset invitations.
Education
This movement has been aided by the emergence of a number of organizations that teach letterpress such as Columbia College Chicago Book Center and Art Paper, Center for Art of Design and Center for Art for Art in Pasadena, Calif., New York Center for Book Arts, Studio on the Square and The Arm NYC, Wells College Book Arts Center at Aurora, New York, Center for the Book, Bookworks, Seattle's School of Visual Concepts, Olympia's The Evergreen State College, Black Rock Press, North Carolina State University, Washington DC Corcoran College of Art and Design, Penland School of Crafts, Minnesota Center for Book Arts, International Printing Museum in Carson, CA, Western Washington University in Bellingham, WA, Old Dominion University in Norfolk, VA, and Press Bowehouse at VCU in Richmond, VA.
Economical material
Platemaker copper, magnesium, and affordable photopolymers and aluminum milling bases have enabled letterpress printers to produce types and images derived from digital artwork, fonts and scans. The economical plate has prompted the emergence of "digital letterpress" in the 21st century, enabling a small number of companies to grow commercially and enabling a large number of boutique and hobby printers to avoid the limitations and complications in obtaining and sorting metal types. At the same time there has been a small-scale revival to produce new metal types in Monotype equipment, Thompson casters and original American Type Founders machines.
Process
The letterpress printing process consists of several stages: composition, imposition and locking, and printing. In a small store, everything will happen in one room, whereas in larger printing factories, such as with newspapers and magazines, each can form a different department with its own room, or even the floor.
Composition
Composition, or compilation of letters, is the stage in which pieces of moving types are assembled to form the desired text. People who are billed with compositions are called "compositor" or "typesetter", setting letter by letter and line by line.
Traditionally, as in manual composition, it involves selecting individual type letters of a typeface, placing them in a composer's stick, which stores multiple lines, then moving them to a larger type of kitchen. With this method, the compositor gradually makes the text of each page into letter by letter. In mechanical font settings, it may involve the use of a keyboard to select a type, or even to throw the desired type in place, such as in a hot metal font setting, which is then added to the kitchen designed for the product of that process. The first widely-accepted keyboard-driven keyboard reject engine, Linotype and Monotype, was introduced in the 1890s.
The Ludlow Typograph Machine, for casting of high-type slugs of brass matrix collected alone, was first produced in Chicago in 1912 and was widely used until the 1980s. Many are still in use and although no longer produced, service and spare parts are still available for them.
After a gallery is assembled to fill a one-page value, the type is tied together so that it can be transported without a mess. From this bundle, a props are made, which is checked by the proof-reader to ensure that certain pages are accurate.
Imposition
Broadly, imposing or imposing is the process whereby a bound bundle of types is transformed into a form (or forme) ready for use in the press. A person accused of coercion is a mason or stone, doing their work on large and flat stonework (although some later made of iron).
In a more specific modern sense, imposition is a technique of arranging different types of pages with respect to each other. Depending on the size of the page and a piece of paper used, multiple pages can be printed on one sheet at a time. After printing, this is cut and cut before folded or bound. In these steps, the imposition process ensures that the pages are facing in the right direction and in the correct order with the correct margins. The printed form is put together in a multiple of 12 pages. Stonehand arranges the page in such a way that the folio (page number) of the encountered page adds up to the total form 1 (12 1 = 13, 24 1 = 25, etc.)
Low pieces of wood or metal furniture were added to create a blank section of a page. Printers use a hammer to punch wooden beams, ensuring the top (and only upper) sections of the elevated type blocks are all aligned so that they will contact the flat sheet of paper simultaneously.
Locking is the final step before printing. The printer removes the cable that holds this type together, and rotates the quoin with a lock or lever to lock the entire complex type, block, furniture, and pursue (frame) into place. This creates the final form, which the printer uses to the printing press. In newspaper settings, each page requires a truck to be transported - 2 pages requires 2 trucks hence the term double truck . The first copy is proved again for errors before starting the printing process.
The work of the printing process depends on the type of press used, as well as the related technology (which varies by time period).
Hand presses generally require two people to operate it: one for ink type, the other for press work. Then pressing the mechanical jobbing requires a single operator to feed and remove paper, such as ink and pressing done automatically.
Finished sheets are then dried and for finishing, depending on the variety of printed matter produced. With newspapers, they were taken to a folding machine. Sheets for books sent for book binding.
You can distinguish traditional letterpress printers from digital printers with their debossed letters. A traditional letterpress printer makes a heavy impression into the stock and produces indentations altogether into the paper will result in the print run being rejected. Part of the skills of operating a traditional letterpress printer is to adjust the exact engine pressure so that the type just kiss the paper, transfer the minimum amount of ink to make the sharpest print without indentation. This is especially important when the mold is out of the machine and stacked because too much wet ink and indentation will increase the risk of set-off (ink passing from the front of a sheet to the back of the next sheet on the stack).
Photopolymer Plates
The letterpress printing process remained almost unchanged until 1950 when it was replaced by a more efficient and commercial offset printing process. The compact nature of the letters and the need to store large amounts of lead or wood type resulted in the letterpress printing process being disliked.
In the 1980s, dedicated letterpress practitioners revived old crafts by embracing new manufacturing methods that enabled them to create enhanced surface printing plates from negative photopolymer plates and.
Photopolymer plate is light-sensitive. On one side of the surface healed when exposed to ultraviolet light and the other side is metal or plastic that can be mounted on the base. The aid printing surface is made by placing the negative of the piece to be printed on the plate photosensitive side; light passing through a clear area of ​​the negative causes the photopolymer to harden. Unexposed areas remain soft and can be cleaned with water.
With this new platen, the designers are no longer hindered by the limitations of wood or tin handset types. Possible new designs appear and the letterpress printing process is experiencing a revival. Today demand is high for wedding stationery but there are limits to what can be printed and designers must adhere to some designs for the principles of the letter.
Variants on letterpress
The discovery of ultra-violet curing inks has helped keep rotary letterpress alive in areas such as self-adhesive labels. There is still a large amount of flexographic printing, a similar process, that uses rubber plates to be printed on curved or awkward surfaces, and a smaller amount of print relief than large wooden letters for low quality poster jobs.
Rotary letterpress machines are still used on a wide scale to print self-adhesive labels and non-self-adhesive, laminated tubes, cup stock, etc. The print quality achieved by modern letterpress machines with UV curing is equivalent to flexo flexing. It's more convenient and user friendly than press flexo. It uses a water-wash photopolymer plate, which is as good as a solvent-washed flexo plate. Currently even CtP plates (computer-to-plate) are available making it a complete modern printing process. Since there is no anilox roller in the process, ready-to-use time will also decrease when compared to flexo press. The ink is controlled by a key very similar to an offset printing machine. UV inks for letterpress are shaped paste, unlike flexo. Various manufacturers produce UV rotary printing machines, ie. Dashen, Nickel, Taiyo Kikai, KoPack, Gallus, etc. - and offers hot/cold foil stamping, rotary dice cutting, flatbed die cutting, tarpaulins, rotary screen printing, adhesive side printing, and inkjet numbering. Touch of central impression is more popular than inline emphasis due to simple registration and simple design. Printing up to nine colors plus varnish is possible with various online conversion processes.
Craftmanship
Letterpress can produce high-quality work at high speed, but it takes a lot of time to adjust the press for different thickness types, engravings, and plates called makeready. The process requires a high level of expertise, but in the right hand, letterpress excels in good typography. It is used by many small printers that produce fine, handmade, limited edition, artist, and deluxe ephemera books like greeting and broadside cards. Due to the time it takes to make letterpress plates and to prepare the press, hand type arrangement has become less common with the discovery of photopolymer plates, photosensitive plastic sheets that can be mounted on metal to carry them to a high type.
To bring up the best attributes of letterpress, the printer must understand the abilities and advantages of what can be a very unforgiving medium. For example, since most letterpress apps only print one color at a time, printing multiple colors requires a separate tap on the register with the previous colors. When offset printing arrived in the 1950s, the price was cheaper, and made the color process easier. The ink system on letterpress equipment is equal to pressing offsets, causing problems for some graphs. Detailed, white (or "knocked out") areas, such as small, serif, or very fine halftones surrounded by color fields can be filled with ink and lose the definition if the Roll is not adjusted properly. However, a skilled printer overcomes most of these issues. However, letterpress provides options for more papers, including handmade, organic, and tree-free. Letterpress printing provides a variety of production options. The classic feeling and finish of letterpress paper require reprinting into the era of quality and craftsmanship. Even the smell of ink, more clearly on pages printed in printed letters than offsets, can attract the attention of collectors.
Although less common in contemporary letterpress printing, it is possible to print halftone photos, via photopolymer plates. However, the printing power of letterpress is a sharp line, pattern, and typography.
Creating artwork
Creating a file for letterpress is similar to conventional printing.
- Ink Color: Files created using point color, or CMYK instead of RGB. Point color is specified for each color used.
- Paper Color: Dark ink on paper gives the best picture possible. Visible ink and paper colors are displayed. For light colors on dark paper, the printer uses stamping foil or engraving instead of letterpress. To add color density, letterpress pieces can be run through the press twice using the same color.
- Screen: A gray scale image can be used if made with a rugged screen (85 lines or less). The second color should be used instead of color screening in most cases.
- Thickness: Art should be above Ã,¼ and without a hairline.
- Font: Type must be five points or larger for best results. For an inverted type the point size should be 12-points or larger, as the smaller type with a thin stroke can fill, or plug. Outline strokes are often applied to allow ink gain.
- Solid: Solid letterpress printing differs from conventional printed lithography. Although letterpress does not produce a thick ink layer, the process tends to show sheet texture. In addition, the solid area does not provide a good depth view and thin lines. Solid areas can also cause paper to ripple, especially on thinner sheets.
- Registration: Letterpress does a good registration, but does not have modern offset printing capabilities. The main traps and channels do not work properly in letterpress printing. Empty areas must be combined between colors. Black and very dark colors may be overprinted with lighter shades.
- Depth: Depth type depends on paper. Usually, letterpress paper is thick and soft so the type creates a deep impression. When making folding items, the printer usually rewinds pressure to avoid incurring the back of the piece.
- Preparing Images and Files: Letterpress excels on the line and type of copy, so the vector image works fine. Crop marks should be displayed as a color register. The image needs to be purified (beyond the cut line).
- Die cut, Emboss and Score: This effect works well with most Letterpress papers. Images for emboss or die cut are called in different color layers (usually magenta). Scores are usually indicated by a cyan line. Complicated forms or patterns should be reviewed with the printer. To stock a thick cover many printers use "cut kisses" (partially through stock) rather than scores.
- Envelopes: It is recommended to print on a ready-made envelope cap. Other areas of ready-made envelopes can be printed, but bruises can occur on the other side of the envelope.
Current initiative
Several dozen colleges and universities in the United States have initiated or reactivated a program that teaches letterpress printing in a complete facility. In many cases, these letterpress stores are affiliated with college libraries or art departments, and in others they are independent, student-run operations or college-sponsored extracurricular activities. Higher Education & amp; Letterpress Printers' Association (CULPA) University was founded in 2006 by Abigail Uhteg at the Maryland Institute College of Art to help these schools stay connected and share resources. Many universities offer degree programs such as: Oregon College of Art and Craft, Southwest School of Art, Central Tennessee State University, Chicago Institute of Art School, Indiana University, Miami University, Corcoran College of Art and Design, and Rochester Institute of Technology.
The current revival of letterpress printing has created many hobbyist press shops operated by owners and driven by a love of craft. Some of the larger printers have added environmental components to the noble arts by simply using electricity generated by the wind to push the pressure and their plant equipment. In particular, some small boutique letterpress shops use only solar power.
In Berkeley, California, the letterpress printer and lithographer David Goines manages a studio with various license plates and letterpress cylinders and lithography presses. He has attracted the attention of both commercial printers and artists both for his vast knowledge and meticulous skills with letterpress printing. He collaborated with restaurant owner and freedom speech activist Alice Waters, owner of Chez Panisse, in his book 30 Recipes Suitable for Framing . He has made large, colorful posters striking for Bay Area businesses and institutions such as Acme Bread and UC Berkeley.
In London, St Bride Library stores a large collection of letterpress information in a collection of 50,000 books: all the classic works on print, visual style, typography, graphic design, calligraphy, and more. It is one of the world's leading collections and is located on Fleet Street in the heart of London's old printing and publishing district. In addition, regular talks, conferences, exhibitions and demonstrations take place.
The St. Bride Institute, Edinburgh College of Art, College of Art and Design Central Saint Martins, Bournemouth Art University, Plymouth University, Farnham College of Creative Arts, London College of Communication and Camberwell College of the Arts London organize short courses in letterpress and offer facilities as part of the Graphic Design Degree Program.
The Hamilton Wood Type and Museum of Printing at Two Rivers, Wisconsin houses one of the largest collections of wood and wood pieces in the world inside one of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company's factory buildings. Also includes pressing and vintage prints. The museum hosts many workshops and conferences throughout the year and regularly welcomes student groups from universities from all over the United States.
In 2011 John Bonadies and Jeff Adams created a virtual letterpress that runs on iPad (and then Mac) and replicates every step of the letterpress process. LetterMpress is funded from a Kickstarter campaign that allows developers to collect and digitize wood species from around the world. The application press was modeled after Vandercook SP-15 (considered the most top-of-the-line press evidence of its time, and coveted by today's artists and designers).
By 2015, the revival of printing letters by artists is widely recognized.
See also
- The amateur press association
- List of stationery topics
- Offset ink
- Punchcutter
- St Bride's Library
References
Further reading
- Blumenthal, Joseph. (1973) Art of printed books, 1455-1955 .
- Blumenthal, Joseph. (1977) Print Books in America .
- The jury, David (2004). Letterpress: The Allure of the Handmade .
- Lange, Gerald. (1998) Printing digital type on hand operated flatbed cylinder press .
- Ryder, John (1977), "Printing for Fun, A Practical Guide to Amateurs"
- Stevens, Jen. (2001). Creating Books: Designs in British Publishing since 1940 .
- Ryan, David. (2001). Perfect Letter: Modernist Typography Art, 1896-1953 .
- Drucker, Johanna. (1997). Visible Words: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923 .
- Auchincloss, Kenneth. "Second Resurrection: Fine Printing since World War II". In Printing History No. 41: pp.Ã, 3-11.
- Cleeton, Glen U. & amp; Pitkin, Charles W. with revisions by Cornwell, Raymond L.. (1963) "General Printing - Illustrated guide for letterpress printing, with hundreds of step-by-step photos".
External links
- Introduction to Letterpress Printing
- Letterpress Printing Bibliography
- English letters: information for hobby printers, and special UK letterpress machines
- Good Press Book Association
- Initial Roll and Composition Roll
- Studio Letterpress Directory
- Nostalgia Letter Prints
- 600 years printing history
- Letterpress in Russia
Video
- Heidelberg Windmill Printing Letterpress Printing
- Demo Hit Firefly
- Chandler and Price 10 x 15 letterpress demo
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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