Montage ( ) is a technique in editing movies where a series of short shoots are edited into a series to condense space, time, and information. This term has been used in various contexts. It was introduced to the cinema mainly by Sergei Eisenstein, and the early Soviet directors used it as a synonym for creative editing. In France, the word "montage" applied to a cinema only shows edits. The term "montage series" has been used primarily by English and American studios, and refers to the general techniques described in this article.
The montage sequence is usually used to indicate the passage of time, rather than to create symbolic meaning as it does in Soviet montage theory.
From the 1930s to the 1950s, the montage series often incorporated a number of short photographs with special optical effects (fading, soluble, separate screens, double exposure and triple) and music. They are usually assembled by someone other than a director or film editor.
Video Montage (filmmaking)
Development
The word
comes to identify... specifically, the fast cuts, which Eisenstein uses in his film. Its use survives to this day in a specially-made "montage sequence" incorporated into Hollywood movies to show, in a double exposure blur, the rise of opera singer fame or, in short model shots, the destruction of aircraft, cities or planets.
Two common period montage sequence devices are one newspaper and one train. In newspaper one, there were several printed newspaper drawings (several sheets of paper lined up between rollers, paper coming out from the edge of the media, a reporter looking at the paper) and an enlarged headline on the screen telling you anything to say. There are two montages like this in It Happened One Night . In a typical train montage, shots include a racing machine toward the camera, a giant machine wheel moving across the screen, and a long train running past the camera as the goal marks magnify the screen.
"Scroll montage" is a form of multi-screen montage developed specifically for moving images in internet browsers. It plays with the montage of the "river river" of Italian theater director Eugenio Barba where the audience's attention is said to "[sail] on a wave of action whose gaze [can never] fully encompass". "Scroll montage" is usually used in audio-visual works online where movable sounds and images are separated and can exist independently: audio in these works is usually streamed on internet radio and videos posted on separate sites.
Maps Montage (filmmaking)
Famous director
Film critic Ezra Goodman discussed the contributions of Slavko Vorkapi ?, who worked at MGM and was the most famous montage specialist of the 1930s:
He designed live montages for many images, especially to get the point across the economy or to bridge the time lapse. In a few moments, with the picture flowing on the screen, he was able to show the improvement of Jeanette MacDonald became famous as an opera star in Maytime (1937), the outbreak of the revolution at Viva Villa (1934) famine and exodus at The Good Earth (1937), and the plague at Romeo and Juliet (1936).
From 1933 to 1942, Don Siegel, who later became director of the big screen movie, was the head of the montage department at Warner Brothers. He performs a series of montage for hundreds of features, including Confessions of a Nazi Spy ; Knute Rockne, All American ; Blues in the Night ; Yankee Doodle Dandy ; Casablanca ; Action in the North Atlantic ; Jim Gentleman ; and They Drive By Night .
Siegel told Peter Bogdanovich how his montage was different from the usual:
Montages are done later because they're done now, oddly enough - very sloppy. The director casually shoots some shots that he considers to be used in montage and the cutters take some stock shoots and walk with them to the person who operates the optical printer and tell him to make some sort of mishmash out of it. He did it, and that's what's labeled montage.
Instead, Siegel will read a movie script to find out his story and actions, then take a script description of one script and write his own five-page script. The directors and the studio boss leave him alone because no one knows what he is doing. Left alone with his own crew, he continues to experiment to find out what he can do. He also tried to make a montage in the style of the director, boring for the boring director, appealing to the exciting director.
Of course, this is the most amazing way to learn about movies, because I make endless mistakes just experimenting without supervision. The result is that many montages are very effective.
Siegel chose the montage he did for Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), Mark Twain Adventure (1944), and Confessions of a Nazi Spy , especially the good one. "I thought the montage was really amazing in 'Mark Twain's Adventure' - not a very good picture, by the way."
Use of sports training
Sport training montage is a standard explanation montage. It comes from an American cinema but has since spread to modern martial arts films from East Asia. Initially describing the characters involved in physical or sports training, the shape has been extended to other activities or themes.
Conventions and cliches
Standard elements of sports training montage include a build-up in which potential sports heroes face their failure to adequately train. The solution is a serious individual training regimen. Individuals are shown involved in physical training through a series of short, cut sequences. Inspirational songs (often fast-paced rock music) usually provide the only sound. At the end of the montage a few weeks have passed in just a few minutes and the hero is now ready for the big competition. One of the most notable examples is the sequence of training in the 1976 Rocky film, culminating in a Rocky movie on the Rocky Steps ladder at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
The simplicity of the technique and its excessive use in American film vocabulary has caused its status as a movie cliche. Important parodies of sports training montage appear in episode South Park , "Asspen". When Stan Marsh had to become an expert skier quickly, he started practicing in a montage where inspirational songs explicitly detailed the techniques and requirements of a successful series of sports training exercises as they did on screen. The same song is then used in Team America: World Police in the same order.
In "Once More, with Feeling", an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Buffy Summers does an extended exercise while Rupert Giles sings one song; This time distortion is one of the many musical conventions that are made literally by a spell affecting Sunnydale. Prior to this sequence, Buffy Summers voiced his concern that "the entire session will turn into some training montage of the 80s movie" that Rupert Giles replied "Well, if we hear the chords of inspirational power we'll just lie down until they leave". The original 1992 film Buffy the Vampire Slayer included a very cliche training montage.
The music in this montage scene has garnered many followers, with artists such as Robert Tepper, Stan Bush, and Survivor performing on some 80s soundtracks. Songs such as Frank Stallone's "Far from Over," and John Farnham's "Break the Ice" are examples of high-energy rock songs that symbolize the music that emerged during a montage in action films of the 80s.
References
External links
- Movie Montages on Cracked.com
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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