Photographic mosaic

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In the field of photographic imaging, photo mosaics , also known as Photomosaic , portmanteau photos and mosaics, are images (usually photos) that have been divided into lined sections same), each of which is replaced with another photo that matches the target photo. When viewed at low magnification, individual pixels appear as the main image, while close examination reveals that the actual image consists of hundreds or thousands of smaller images. Most of the time they are the kind of montage made by computers.

There are two types of mosaics, depending on how the matching is done. In a simpler type, each part of the target image is averaged into a single color. Each library image is also scaled down into one color. Each part of the target image is then replaced by one of the libraries where these colors are as close as possible. As a result, the target image is reduced in resolution (with downsampling), and then each resulting pixel is replaced with an image whose average color matches that pixel.

In a more sophisticated type of photographic mosaic, the target image is not down-sampled, and matching is done by comparing each pixel in a rectangle with the corresponding pixels of each bibliographic image. The rectangle in the target is then replaced by a library image that minimizes the total difference. This requires more calculations than simple types, but the results can be much better because pixel-by-pixel matches can maintain the resolution of the target image.

Initially, the term photomosaic refers to compound photographs created by bringing together a series of adjacent images of a scene. Space scientists have been collecting this kind of mosaic at least since the start of the Soviet Union space mission to the moon in the late 1950s. The photomosaic name and implementation concept are trademarks by Robert Silvers' Runaway Technology, Inc.

Video Photographic mosaic

History

1993 Joseph Francis, working for R/Greenberg Associates in Manhattan, is believed to be the inventor of the color image of a modern computer produced. Poster Live from Bell Labs was created in 1993 using a computer-themed tile photo to create a face mosaic (Ryszard Horowitz/Photography and Art Direction, Robert Bowen/Digital Artist). He went on to create a mosaic for Animation Magazine in 1993, which was repeated at Wired Magazine (November 1994, p.Ã, 106). Francis said on the "History of Photo Mosaic" web page he was interested in developing these techniques further partly stimulated by the artist's work of Chuck Close.

1994 Dave McKean created an image for DC Comics, a face mosaic created from face photos, though it is believed to be made manually using Photoshop.

• 1994 Adam Finkelstein and Sandy Farrier made a mosaic of John F. Kennedy from several parts of Marilyn Monroe's image. The results are displayed in the Xerox PARC Algorithmic Art Show in 1994.
• 1994 Benetton: AIDS - The mosaic face. More than a thousand portraits of young people from all computer-processed words outlining the word AIDS.
The Gioconda Sapiens , face with ten thousand faces, was presented to the public in April 1995 (Spain, Domus museum). This is the first large photo mosaic, using photo 10,062 people from 110 countries to create Mona Lisa . Adam Finkelstein (mosaic published in Lumut Lumut) creates a mosaic of American Gothic oil paintings from images collected from the Web in early 1995. 1995
• 1995 Robert Silvers created an algorithm to create Photomosaic programmatically and proceed to the trademark of the Photomosaic term and patented the process for the creation of Photomosaics in 1997.

Maps Photographic mosaic

Artistic aspect

There is a debate about whether Photomosaics is a mere art or technique. Photomosaic production is sometimes parallelized and compared to other forms of artistic appropriation, such as literary collections.

Artists such as David Hockney, Christopher Kates, and Pep Ventosa have pioneered their own photographic mosaic techniques in which many photos are taken from a scene and then reunited to create a cohesive image.

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Trademarks and intellectual property rights of the concept

Robert Silvers, a Master's student at MIT, filed a trademark on the term "Photomosaic" on September 3, 1996. The trademark was registered on August 12, 2003.

Silvers also applies to US patents on the production of Photomosaics on January 2, 1997, which is given as US 6137498 in October 2000 and was assigned to Runaway Technology , Inc. Patent applications in other countries are also filed, and the patents granted include EP 0852363 Ã, , JP 10269353 , CA 2226059 , and AU 723815B Ã, He was quoted as saying:" With the grant of this patent in the United States and other countries, we can protect our proprietary innovations and continue to create unique artworks. "In September 2008, the Public Patent Foundation filed an official request with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to review a particular claim within US 6137498 Ã, on photomosaics The request was given and a re-examination process took place On August 31, 2010, the USPTO issued a Certificate of Re-Checking confirming the patent of all claims in the patent which is altered to refer to form matching (features that contribute to high-resolution photomosiics).

There are a number of other commercial companies that make mosaics with photos. As there is no litigation on these patents, these companies should either use processes that do not violate a particular claim process, have licenses under patents, or infringe on those patents but Runaway Technology has chosen not to bring infringement proceedings.

Silvers' patents can be considered a software patent, a subject in which there is much debate. For example, Article 52 (2) (c) the EPC states that "a program for such a computer" is not considered a patented invention. However, current practices relating to computer-implemented invention under EPC mean that processes that provide technical effects can be patented even if implemented by a computer.

English patent comes from EP 0.852.363