William Carey (17 August 1761 - June 9, 1834) is a Christian Christian missionary, Special Baptist minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded Serampore College and Serampore University, the first degree of university degree in India.
He went to Kolkata (India) in 1793, but was forced to leave British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries. He joined Baptist missionaries in the Frederiksnagar Danish colony in India (Serampore). One of his first contributions was to start school for poor children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and Christianity. He opened the first theological university in Serampore (India) which offered a degree of divinity, and campaigned to end sati practice.
Carey is known as "the father of modern mission." The essay, The Investigation into the Christian's Obligation to Use Means for the Conversion of the Gentiles , led to the establishment of the Baptist Missionary Society. The Asiatics praised Carey for his "outstanding services in opening Indian literary shops for European knowledge and for his extensive acquaintance with the country's science, natural history and botany and useful contributions, in every branch."
He translates Hindu classics, Ramayana, into English, and the Bible into Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Marathi, Hindi and Sanskrit. William Carey has been called a renowned Christian reformer and missionary.
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Kehidupan awal
William Carey, the eldest of five children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, who are weavers with trade, in Pury End village in the village of Paulerspury, Northamptonshire. William was raised in the Church of England; when he was six years old, his father was appointed head of parish and village head. As a child he is naturally curious and very interested in the natural sciences, especially botany. He has a natural talent for language, teaching himself Latin.
At the age of 14, Carey's father asked him to a cordwainer in a village near Piddington, Northamptonshire. His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, but another apprentice, John Warr, was a Dissenter. Through his influence, Carey would eventually leave the Church of England and join other disagreeable people to form a small Congregational church near Hackleton. While on an internship at Nichols, he also taught himself Greek with the help of a local villager who had a college education.
When Nichols died in 1779, Carey worked for local shoemaker Thomas Old; he married Old's brother-in-law, Dorothy Plackett in 1781 at St. John the Baptist, Piddington. Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate; Her signature on the marriage list is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey have seven children, five sons and two daughters; the two girls died in infancy, and the son of Peter, who died at age 5. Thomas Old himself died shortly thereafter, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself Hebrew, Italian, Dutch, and French, often reading while doing her shoes.
Carey admits his humble origins and calls himself a shoemaker (the one who fixes the shoes). However, local people often recognize it with higher status from shoemakers (or "cordwainer"). John Brown Myers gave the biography of Carey William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and the Founder of Modern Missions .
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Establishment of a Baptist Missionary Community
Carey was involved with the newly established local Baptist Special association, where he became acquainted with the likes of John Ryland, John Sutcliff, and Andrew Fuller, who will be his close friends in the years to come. They invited him to preach at their church in the village near Earls Barton every other Sunday. On October 5, 1783, William Carey was baptized by Ryland and surrendered himself to the Baptist denomination.
In 1785, Carey was appointed principal for the village of Moulton. He was also invited to serve as a pastor at a local Baptist church. During this time he read Jonathan Edwards' Rev. Late Life Account. David Brainerd and James Cook's explorers journal, and became deeply concerned about spreading the Christian Gospel throughout the world. John Eliot (c. 1604 - May 21, 1690), Puritan missionaries in New England, along with David Brainerd (1718-47) and Apostle Paul himself, became Carey's "canonized heroes" and "deceivers."
Carey's friend, Andrew Fuller, had previously written an influential pamphlet in 1781 entitled "The Decorative Gospel for All Acceptance," responding to the prevalent hyper-Calvinist beliefs in Baptist churches that everyone is not responsible for believing the gospel. At a ministerial meeting in 1787, Carey asked the question of what is the duty of all Christians to spread the Gospel throughout the world. John Collett Ryland is said to have replied: "Young man, sit down, when God is pleased to change the Gentiles, he will do it without your help and me." But Ryland's son, Dr. John Ryland, denied that his father made this statement.
In 1789 Carey became a full-time pastor of Harvey Lane Baptist Church in Leicester. Three years later in 1792 he published his innovative missionary manifesto, An Investigation of the Christian's Obligation to Use the Means for the Conversion of the Unbelievers . This short book consists of five parts. The first part is the theological justification for missionary activity, arguing that Jesus' command to make disciples from all the world (Matthew 28: 18-20) still binds Christians.
The second part describes the history of missionary activity, beginning with the early Church and ending with David Brainerd and John Wesley.
Section 3 consists of 26 pages of tables, lists of regions, populations, and religious statistics for each country of the world. Carey has been collecting these figures for years as a schoolteacher. The fourth section answers objections to sending missionaries, such as the difficulty of learning the language or the dangers to life. Finally, the fifth part calls for the establishment by the Baptist denomination of the missionary community and explains the practical ways that can be supported. Carey's seminal pamphlet outlines the basis for missions: Christian obligations, wise use of resources, and accurate information.
Carey then taught a pro-missionary sermon (called Death Without Death), using Isaiah 54: 2-3 as his text, where he repeatedly used the epigram which has become his most famous quote:
Carey eventually overcame resistance to missionary endeavors, and the Special Baptist Society for the Spreading of the Gospel between Ancient People (hereinafter known as the Baptist Missionary Society and since 2000 as BMS World Mission) was founded on October 1792, including Carey, Andrew Fuller, John Ryland, and John Sutcliff as members of the charter. They then become self-absorbed with practical things such as raising funds, and deciding where they will direct their efforts. A medical missionary, Dr. John Thomas, has been in Calcutta and is currently in the UK raising funds; they agreed to support him and that Carey would accompany him to India.
The life of missionaries in India
Carey, his eldest son Felix, Thomas, and his wife and daughter sailed from London by ship England in April 1793. Dorothy Carey refused to leave England, pregnant with their fourth son and never more than a few miles from home; but before they leave, they ask him again to come with them and he gives permission, knowing that his sister Kitty will help her deliver. On the way they were postponed on the Isle of Wight, when the ship's captain received news that he jeopardized his orders if he sent missionaries to Calcutta, because their illegitimate journey broke the British East India Company's trade monopoly. He decides to sail without them, and they are postponed until June when Thomas finds a Danish captain willing to offer them a pass. Meanwhile, Carey's wife, who has now given birth, agrees to accompany her as long as her sister comes. They landed in Calcutta in November.
During the first year in Calcutta, the missionaries sought ways to support themselves and the place to establish their mission. They also started to learn Bengali to communicate with others. A friend Thomas had two indigo factories and required managers, so Carey moved with his family north to Midnapore. During the six years that Carey manages the tilapia plant, he completes the first revision of his Bengali New Testament and begins to formulate principles in which his missionary community will be formed, including communal living, financial independence, and indigenous minister training.. His son, Peter, died of dysentery, which, along with other causes of stress, resulted in Dorothy having a nervous breakdown that never recovered.
Meanwhile, the missionary community has begun to send more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived at Midnapore and began teaching the school. He was followed by William Ward, a printer; Joshua Marshman, a school teacher; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's disciples; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival. Because the East India Company was still hostile to missionaries, they settled in the Danish colony at Serampore and joined there by Carey on January 10, 1800.
Late India Period
After settling in Serampore, the mission of buying a house large enough to accommodate all families and schools, which will be their main support tool. Ward founded a printing press with second carey press having acquired and started the task of printing the Bible in Bengali. In August 1800 the Fountain died of dysentery. At the end of that year, the mission was their first conversion, a Hindu named Krishna Pal. They also received goodwill from the local Danish government and Richard Wellesley, then Governor-General of India.
The conversion of Hinduism into Christianity raises new questions for missionaries about whether it is appropriate for converts to defend their caste. In 1802, Krishna Pal's daughter, a Sudra, married a Brahmin. This marriage is a public demonstration that the church rejects caste differences.
Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. That same year, the Governor-General founded Fort William, a college meant to educate civil servants. He offered Carey a position of Bengali professor. Carey's colleagues on campus included experts, whom he could consult to correct his Bengali will. One of his colleagues was Madan Mohan Tarkalankar who taught him Sanskrit. He also wrote Bengali and Sanskrit grammars, and started Bible translations into Sanskrit. He also uses his influence with the Governor-General to help stop the practice of infant and sutte sacrifice, after consulting with experts and determining that they have no basis in the Hindu scriptures (though the latter will not be removed until 1829).
Dorothy Carey gave birth to Jim Carey. Then he died in 1807. Due to his crippling mental disorder, he had long ceased to be a capable mission member, and his condition became an additional burden to it. John Marshman writes how Carey worked away in his lessons and translations, "... while a crazy wife, often doing miserable joy, is in the next room...".
Later that same year, Carey made the following entry in his diary: "Tuesday, December 8, 1807. Tonight Mrs Carey died of a fever that caused her to suffer for some time, her death was very easy, but there was no appearance of reasoning back, or anything which can give the dawn of hope or light to his country. "
Several friends and colleagues had urged William to send Dorothy to a mental hospital. But he backs away from thinking about the treatment he might receive in a place like that and takes the responsibility to keep him in the family home, even though the children are exposed to his anger.
In 1808 Carey remarried. His new wife Charlotte Rhumohr, a Danish member of his church, was not like Dorothy, as intellectual as Carey. They married for 13 years until his death.
From the printing press on the mission appeared translations of the Bible in Bengali, Sanskrit, and other major languages ​​and dialects. Many of these languages ​​have never been printed before; William Ward had to make a punch for that type by hand. Carey began to translate the original Sanskrit literature and scriptures into English to make them accessible to his own countrymen. On March 11, 1812, a fire in the print shop caused damage worth  £ 10,000 and lost work. Among the disadvantages are many irreplaceable texts, including many Sanskrit translations of Carey literature and polyglot dictionaries of Sanskrit and related languages, which should be finished seminal philology work. However, the press itself and the blows were kept, and the mission could continue printing in six months. In Carey's lifetime, the mission printed and distributed the Bible in whole or in part in 44 languages ​​and dialects.
Also, in 1812, Adoniram Judson, an American congregation missionary on the way to India, studied the scriptures about baptism in preparation for a meeting with Carey. His studies led him to become a Baptist. Carey's urge of American Baptists to take over support for Judson's mission, led to the foundation in 1814 from the board of the first American Baptist Mission, the Baptist Convention of the General Missionary of Baptists in the United States for Foreign Missions , later known as the Convention Three Year. Most American Baptist denominations today are directly or indirectly derived from this Convention.
In 1818, the mission was to establish Serampore College to train indigenous ministers for a developing church and to provide education in art and science to anyone regardless of caste or country. The King of Denmark gave the royal charter in 1827 which made the university a first-rate institution, the first in Asia.
In 1820 Carey founded Agri Horticultural Society of India in Alipore, Kolkata, supporting his enthusiasm for botany. When William Roxburgh left, Carey was entrusted to defend the Botanical Gardens in Calcutta. The genus Careya is named after him.
Carey's second wife, Charlotte, died in 1821, followed by Felix's eldest son. In 1823 he married for the third time, to a widow named Grace Hughes.
Disagreements and internal hatred grow in the Missionary Community as the numbers increase, older missionaries die, and they are replaced by less experienced people. Some new missionaries arrive who are unwilling to live in an evolving communal way, which so far demands "separate, stable and servant homes." Unaccustomed to the hard working ethos of Carey, Ward, and Marshman, the new missionaries thought their seniors - especially Marshman - became somewhat dictatorial, assigning them work not to their liking.
Andrew Fuller, who was once secretary of the Society in England, died in 1815, and his successor, John Dyer, was a bureaucrat who was trying to rearrange the Society along the lines of business and manage every detail of Serampore's mission from England. Their differences proved irreconcilable, and Carey formally broke with the missionary community he founded, left the mission property and moved to college. He lived a quiet life until his death in 1834, revising his Bengali Bible, preaching, and teaching students. The couch where he died, on June 9, 1834, is now housed at Regent's Park College, the Oxford University Baptist Hall.
Criticism
Much of what is known about the life of missionary William Carey in India is from a missionary report sent to England. Historians such as Comaroffs, Thorne, Van der Veer, and Pennington note that Indian representation in these reports should be tested in its context and with attention to its evangelical and colonial ideology. The report by Carey is conditioned by his background, personal factors and his own religious beliefs. Polemic notes and observations Carey, and his partner William Ward, are in a community suffering from extreme poverty and epidemics, and they build on Indian and Hindu cultural views in light of their missionary goals. These reports were written by those who have expressed their confidence in the work of foreign missionaries, and the letters describe the experience of foreigners hated by both indigenous and British colonial officials and competing Christian groups. Their notes on Hindu culture and religion are forged in poor Bengali (West Bengal modern and Bangladesh) that are physically, politically and spiritually difficult. Pennington summarizes the accounts reported by Carey and his colleagues as follows,
William Carey recommends that British people in India should learn and interpret Sanskrit in a way that "conforms to the colonial goals". Carey writes, "To get their deceived ears, it is important for them to believe that the speaker has a better knowledge of the subject, in which case knowledge of Sanskrit is valuable." Carey has no understanding and respect for Indian culture, Rao wrote, describing Indian music as "disgusting" and reminiscent of dishonorable practices to God. Such prejudices affect the literature written by Carey and his colleagues.
Family history
Carey's biography, such as by F. D. Walker and J. B. Myers, only mentions Carey's suffering caused by mental illness and disorders suffered by his wife, Dorothy, in the early years of their ministry in India. Beck's biography of Dorothy Carey paints a more detailed picture: William Carey broke his family from all he knew and tried to finish it in one of the world's most unlikely and difficult cultures for a British eighteenth-century farmer uneducated. Faced with the enormous difficulty in adjusting to all these changes, he failed to make emotional adjustments and eventually, mentally, and his husband did not seem to be able to help him through all this because he did not know what to do about it. Carey even wrote to his sisters in England on October 5, 1795, that "I have been in the past a danger of losing my life. Jealousy is a great crime that haunts his mind."
Dorothy's mental damage ("at the same time, William Carey baptized the first converted Indian and his son, Felix, his wife was forced into his room, raving crazy") causing other family problems. Joshua Marshman was struck by Carey's neglect of his four sons when he first met them in 1800. Ages 4, 7, 12 and 15 years old, they were unmanned, undisciplined, and even uneducated.
Eschatology
In addition to the study of Iain Murray, The Puritan Hope, less attention has been paid to many of Carey's biographies for his postmill eschatology as expressed in his main missionary manifesto, especially not even in the article Bruce J. Nichols â € Å"The Theology William Carey. "Carey is a Calvinist." And a postmillennialist. Even the two dissertations discussing his accomplishments (by Oussoren and Potts) ignore his great theology. Not mentioning his eschatological views, which play a major role in his missionary zeal. One exception, found in James Beck's biography of his first wife, cites his personal optimism in the chapter on "Attitudes toward the Future," but not his optimistic perspective on the world mission, which he obtained from postmillennial theology.
Translation, education, and school
Carey devotes great effort and time to learning not only the Bengali common language but also many other Indian languages ​​including the ancient Sanskrit root languages. In collaboration with the College of Fort William, Carey undertook a classic Hindu translation into English, beginning with a Ramayana three-volume epic poem. He then translated the Bible into Bengali, Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assam, Sanskrit and its parts into dialects and other languages. For 30 years Carey served on campus as a professor of Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi.
The Serampore Mission Press founded by Carey is credited as the only press that "consistently considers it important enough that expensive fonts should be cast for the irregular and abandoned language of the Indians." Carey and his team produce textbooks, dictionaries, classic literature, and other publications that serve elementary school students, college students and the general public, including the first Sanskrit grammar that serves the model for later publications.
In the 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social stratum received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hinduism. Only Brahmins and caste writers can read, and then only men, women who are completely out of school. Carey starts a Sunday School where children learn to read using the Bible as their textbook. In 1794 Carey opened, at his own expense, what was considered the first primary school in all of India. The public school system initiated by Carey expanded to include girls in an era when women's education was considered unthinkable. Carey's work is thought to have given the starting point of what's evolving in the Christian Vernacular Education Society that provides secondary education across the country.
Carey has at least nine schools named after: William Carey Christian School (WCCS) in Sydney, NSW, William Carey International University in Pasadena, California, Carey Theological College in Vancouver, British Columbia, Carey Baptist College in Auckland, New Zealand Carey Baptist Grammar School in Melbourne, Victoria, Carey College in Colombo, Sri Lanka, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, Mississippi and Carey Baptist College in Perth, Australia. William Carey Academy of Chittagong, Bangladesh teaches Bangladeshi children and expatriates, from kindergarten to 12th grade, and William Carey Memorial School (A Co-ed English Medium), operates in Serampore, Hooghly.
Inheritance and influence
William Carey has been called the "father of modern mission", and as "India's first cultural anthropologist."
His motto, which has inspired many people over the centuries, is "Expect great things from God and seek great things for God."
His teachings, translations, writings, and publications, educational institutions and their influence in social reforms are said to "mark the turning point of Indian culture from a downward trend."
[Carey] sees India not as a foreign country to be exploited, but as a heavenly Father's land to be loved and saved... he believes in understanding and controlling nature instead of fearing, calming or admonishing it; in developing one's intelligence rather than killing him as mysticism. He emphasized enjoying literature and culture instead of avoiding it as a virtual one.
Thus Carey significantly contributed to the birth of Indian nationalism.
Carey life inspires the establishment of a number of educational institutions. He was instrumental in launching Serampore College near Calcutta, Today, Serampore is recognized as the standard for accreditation of Christian theology throughout India.
Carey's caring attitudes toward change resulted in the establishment of a Baptist Missionary Society that currently supports more than 350 workers in 40 countries.
William Carey University, founded in 1892, has campuses in Hattiesburg and Biloxi, Mississippi
Inspired by Carey's life, in 1976, the pathologist Ralph Winter founded the William Carey International University and Venture Center. The 17-hectare campus in Pasadena, California includes children's schools, Bible schools, publishing departments, libraries, vast meeting halls and offices for a number of charity Christian organizations.
An English School called William Carey International School was established on August 17, 2008 at 70-D/1, Indira Road, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh.
When Carey died, he spent 41 years in India without leave. Its mission can only count 700 converts in a country with millions of people, but it has laid an impressive foundation of Bible translation, education, and social reform.
Carey is also credited with preparing "The Statesman" and bringing potatoes to the undivided Provinces of Bengal.
Artifact
St. James Church in Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, where Carey was baptized and attended as a child, had William Carey's look. Carey Baptist Church in Moulton, Northamptonshire, also has exhibits of artefacts related to William Carey, as well as the nearby cottage where he lives. The Harvey Lane Baptist Church in Leicester, the last church in England where Carey served before he left for India, was destroyed by a fire in 1921. The nearby Carey cottage had functioned as a memories of carey museum from 1915 until it was destroyed to make way for the system a new street in 1968. Artefacts from the museum were given to the Central Baptist Church in Charles Street, Leicester. The Angus and Archives Library at Oxford holds the largest collection of Carey letters as well as various artifacts such as the Bible and the sign of his shop. There are many collections of historic artefacts including William Carey's letters, books and other artifacts at William Carey's Center for Life and Work Studies at Donnell Hall on William Carey University Campus in Hattiesburg, MS.
Veneration
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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